Cause introduction of influenza
Single strand RNA of influenza virus to virus, the virus is being mucus Division. Generally irregular spherical, enveloped, diameter 80 ~ 120nm, when the new separation was filament shape, or form. Viral RNA and nucleoprotein core particle and a small amount of other proteins. The structure of RNA virus for replication, the virus nucleoprotein as soluble antigen (S antigen), of stability, with type-specific, whereby the virus is divided into A, B, C III, can be used for diagnostic indicators, but no protection.
Virus membrane proteins from the endometrium (MP) and the class of lipid membrane composition, type-specific endometrial protein also has the stability of antigens, but no protection. Virus envelope glycoprotein surface there are two processes with different characteristic surface antigen (strain features), according to the same type of virus or virus strains into subtypes. Rod-like processes for the hemagglutinin (hemagglutinin, referred to as H), with the virus on sensitive cell adhesion receptors, and may cause a variety of animal red blood cell aggregation; the dumbbell-shaped protrusions to the neuraminidase (neuraminidase, referred to as N ), hydrolysis of cell surface glycoprotein with N-acetylneuraminate role, so that replication of the virus can be released from the cell surface. A and B influenza virus H and N antigens, while the C-type is the lack of N antigen. The two kinds of surface antigens (H, N) prone to mutation, the time when there is a small quantity (called antigenic drift, antigenic drift) generate new influenza virus strains, called variant, often leading to a prevalence of 2 ~ 3 years occur once.
When the H, N occurs when the full qualitative (called antigenic mutations, antigenic shift) generate a new subtype, often lead to a worldwide pandemic, generally occur 10 to 40 years time. Influenza viruses such as influenza in the last 45 years has gone through four major variations, that the original alpha (A 0, A0, H0N1, 1946 years ago, popular), sub-alpha (A 1, A1, H1N1, 1946 years after the epidemic), the Asian influenza (A 2, A2, H2N2, 1957 years after the epidemic), and the Hong Kong-type (A 3, A3, H3N2, 1968 years after the epidemic).
Since then its surface antigen continues to mutate, 80 years later is still a 3 and A-1 mainly localized epidemic, not a major antigen mutation. Still think that this constant from quantitative to qualitative change in the antigenic variation is due to mutation of the virus itself (through recombinant infected people or animals caused by influenza virus) and the population immunity selection. From the serological survey confirmed a cycle of repetition of such variation trend, as in January 1976 in the United States swine virus (HswN1) epidemic, and in May 1977 took place in Northeast China A-1 (H1N1), respectively 1918 to 1928 the history of epidemic strains and strains 1946 and 1957, similar.
Antigenic variation of influenza B virus as influenza A significant, but there are also popular because of antigenic variation caused by about 4 to 7 years for each occurrence; hepatitis C virus is quite stable.
As the influenza virus variant and more complex virus name, the provisions of the 1971 World Health Organization named the following order:
Type the host name (such as man can not write), area, number, year of virus isolation, antigen components indicated in parentheses, such as A / Hong Kong / 1 / 68 (H2N2).
Summary
Influenza virus does not heat and acid (56 ℃ or when the non-pathogenic pH3), alcohol, phenol, bleaching powder, and also sensitive to ultraviolet light. 1% hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid could serve as a disinfectant. Under natural conditions, only B and hepatitis C virus infection, while influenza viruses are can still infect pigs, horses, birds and so on. Experimental animals can be infected ferrets only incurred respiratory inflammation. Common chicken, human embryonic kidney, bovine kidney, dog kidney culture virus.
Friday, July 23, 2010
Children look at the tongue like a cold accurate than the pulse
Tongue and internal organs are closely related, as visceral disease can arise from the tongue, tongue, tongue patterns appear. The pulse of children affected by many factors, changes in larger, less reliable, and many diseases in children is often reflected in the tongue, the absence of the impact of alcohol on the tongue, so to see changes in the tongue in children is more reliable than the Qiemo.
To see changes in three aspects of the tongue, that tongue, the tongue and tongue shape.
First, let us know about what is tongue, tongue.
Tongue
Chinese terminology, the back of the tongue is a normal white and Run a thin layer of the moss like structures called the tongue. By the shedding of keratinized epithelium. Saliva, bacteria, food debris and exudate composed of white blood cells. Under normal circumstances, due to chewing and swallowing movements, as well as saliva, food washing, always keep the lingual surface of the material removed, showed only a thin layer of white fur. When sick, eat less or only into the soft food, chewing and tongue movements to reduce, or reduce saliva, tongue to thicken. Normal tongue, usually thin and uniformly tiled in the tongue, the tongue middle, thicker roots.
Tongue into the form of quality
① presence or absence of moss. Normal tongue coating a thin layer of white, born from the stomach qi. In the disease process, the tongue to nothing, is the Stomach yin deficiency, qi gradually decline in performance; but the tongue falling off after resuscitation with thin white coating, it is evil back are students, Stomach gradual recovery performance.
② coating of thickness. Faint to see through the tongue to tongue coating for thin and can not see a thick tongue coating. Tongue coating thickness can be measured the depth of good and evil to prosper and disease severity. Exogenous thin coating forms the main card, also the main internal injuries Qi Yu. Main phlegm thick moss, wet evil, Indigestion. Thickened by a thin tongue, into the pathogenic factors from the table, the Xiesheng disease progress; tongue by the thick thin, as pathogenic factors from the inside up to the table, Masakatsu Bingtui.
③ tongue of the moistening can understand the changes in body fluid. If the tongue moist, wet and dry medium for the normal tongue, although the disease and body fluid does not hurt; if the palpable benefits of wet and slippery, slippery moss claimed, the main wet cold multi-master, or the stopping Yang water to drink. If the look of dry tongue, hands of non-palpable body fluid, compared with dry moss, multi-disability allowance by the excessive heat, Yinyekuihao, or due to gas not of Tianjin.
④ tired tongue of the rot.
⑤ partial tongue all. Changes in the distribution in the lingual tongue. Tongue covered with tongue and called the whole. Partial cloth at the tongue surface of the tongue before and after, left and right of a local, known as partial. Partial distribution of the whole tongue police can determine where the lesion. All fur is evil loose, mostly wet block of coke sign sputum; tongue bias on the side of the tongue, the evil half of the table in half, or disease in the liver and gallbladder; thick greasy coating in the root, mostly phlegm or gastrointestinal Indigestion, etc..
⑥ tongue coating spalling.
⑦ tongue of growth and decline. Tongue thickness, the number of changes, but also a reflection of good and evil advance and retreat. Little change from the tongue more complex by the thin thickness, a general description of aggravated evil, into the main disease; fur thinning by the thick, varied little from the shows that qi gradually resume, the main Bingtui. If the tongue sudden surge back, mostly for signs of illness become violent.
⑧ tongue is true. Distinguish between genuine and false tongue may determine disease severity and prognosis. Tongue true and false judgments to a root without root as the standard. Where the tongue close to the tongue, not easy to scrape, it may come from the tongue body length, that is really known as a root moss moss. If Moss does not really like floating coated tongue, scraping of the last, that fake fur is also known as rootless coating. In its early stage, mid-term, there is no root root moss moss than for the grave, the late disease, the root moss moss is better than no roots. If floating a thick tongue coating, look like no roots, and their lower birth to a new layer of moss, are increasingly more signs of the disease. When in identifying fake fur should pay attention to three aspects: first, early in the morning covered with fur, fur is taking off her diet, stage a fake fur is not no roots; if little or no moss moss back, it is in virtual. Second, moss colored, scraping of the last, Qing Qian disease; if arrangements for that to go, more Qingqian disease. Third, a thick coating without root, it can not be continued under the new Health and moss, is the original stomach qi, deficiency lack the stomach was not steaming juice on the tide. Medicine for cold and cool clothes and more damage than yang, or too hot medicine service due to injury Yin Ye.
Tongue
Also known as the tongue. The context of the tongue muscle tissue. One of the important elements tongue tongue observation. Usually waiting tongue and lung, liver and gallbladder tongue side waiting, waiting tongue in the stomach, kidney waiting tongue. Observation is observed tongue-shaped tongue, tongue states, such as tongue color and ups and downs. Reflect the actual situation more tongue organs, tongue and more reflect the depth and Stomach survival of pathogenic factors. Also "air police moss disease, leukemia concept of quality," said.
See tongue: Normal children showed a thin white tongue coating and moisture.
★ When the stomach caused by indigestion, food product, cough and thick tongue becomes tired;
★ child with a cold, early in the cold, thick layer of the tongue surface will appear white moss. Cold development, the tongue will turn yellow, indicating that heat as the more obvious;
★ When the children due to diarrhea and dehydration or high fever, dry tongue coating occurs;
★ some allergic diseases will appear map-like fur or stripped moss;
★ tongue surface of children found to have white spots, even the lips also may be a child swallowed the worm;
★ black moss and dry like Hedi crack it, are often seriously ill children in long-term high fever.
However, sometimes tongue of "false", such as just eaten milk, white fur, eat an orange, the color yellow, eating olives, black tongue will become terrible, and so on, parents need not panic.
See tongue: Run the normal children's pink tongue.
★ anemia and leukemia in children, due to significantly lower hemoglobin, tongue become very pale; severe diarrhea, dehydration or serious illness associated with high fever, red purple-red tongue with a Mountain into the assassination;
★ After serious illness, some children Shangyin, the tongue becomes red, does it feel like kidney sub-surface, as Chinese medicine known as the mirror tongue;
★ tongue was purple or purple patches, this is a problem because the blood circulation and hypoxia caused by more common in neonatal asphyxia, congenital cyanotic heart disease.
See tongue morphology: the normal activities of children with a flexible tongue.
★ When the tongue tough, limited mobility, that there is phlegm block, more common in encephalitis sequelae;
★ tongue jitter expansion, more common in cerebral hypoplasia;
★ tongue deviation is violated in vitro context, more common cerebral vascular accident;
★ tongue often extended, long-suppressed retraction, more common in hypothyroidism induced cretinism;
★ tongue out to lick lips repeatedly, soon retracted, as get tongue, common in Down's syndrome.
In the disease process, should observe the dynamic changes of the tongue in children
★ tongue from the pink to scarlet, was Deep and heat syndrome;
★ tongue coating from white to yellow fever certificate is to cold syndrome;
★ turn from yellow to gray tongue condition that transfer weight;
★ tongue from none to some, that the gradual resumption of digestive function;
★ thicker tongue coating by a thin switch, indicating increased indigestion;
★ fur from thick to thin, indicating gastrointestinal function or sputum decreased.
To see changes in three aspects of the tongue, that tongue, the tongue and tongue shape.
First, let us know about what is tongue, tongue.
Tongue
Chinese terminology, the back of the tongue is a normal white and Run a thin layer of the moss like structures called the tongue. By the shedding of keratinized epithelium. Saliva, bacteria, food debris and exudate composed of white blood cells. Under normal circumstances, due to chewing and swallowing movements, as well as saliva, food washing, always keep the lingual surface of the material removed, showed only a thin layer of white fur. When sick, eat less or only into the soft food, chewing and tongue movements to reduce, or reduce saliva, tongue to thicken. Normal tongue, usually thin and uniformly tiled in the tongue, the tongue middle, thicker roots.
Tongue into the form of quality
① presence or absence of moss. Normal tongue coating a thin layer of white, born from the stomach qi. In the disease process, the tongue to nothing, is the Stomach yin deficiency, qi gradually decline in performance; but the tongue falling off after resuscitation with thin white coating, it is evil back are students, Stomach gradual recovery performance.
② coating of thickness. Faint to see through the tongue to tongue coating for thin and can not see a thick tongue coating. Tongue coating thickness can be measured the depth of good and evil to prosper and disease severity. Exogenous thin coating forms the main card, also the main internal injuries Qi Yu. Main phlegm thick moss, wet evil, Indigestion. Thickened by a thin tongue, into the pathogenic factors from the table, the Xiesheng disease progress; tongue by the thick thin, as pathogenic factors from the inside up to the table, Masakatsu Bingtui.
③ tongue of the moistening can understand the changes in body fluid. If the tongue moist, wet and dry medium for the normal tongue, although the disease and body fluid does not hurt; if the palpable benefits of wet and slippery, slippery moss claimed, the main wet cold multi-master, or the stopping Yang water to drink. If the look of dry tongue, hands of non-palpable body fluid, compared with dry moss, multi-disability allowance by the excessive heat, Yinyekuihao, or due to gas not of Tianjin.
④ tired tongue of the rot.
⑤ partial tongue all. Changes in the distribution in the lingual tongue. Tongue covered with tongue and called the whole. Partial cloth at the tongue surface of the tongue before and after, left and right of a local, known as partial. Partial distribution of the whole tongue police can determine where the lesion. All fur is evil loose, mostly wet block of coke sign sputum; tongue bias on the side of the tongue, the evil half of the table in half, or disease in the liver and gallbladder; thick greasy coating in the root, mostly phlegm or gastrointestinal Indigestion, etc..
⑥ tongue coating spalling.
⑦ tongue of growth and decline. Tongue thickness, the number of changes, but also a reflection of good and evil advance and retreat. Little change from the tongue more complex by the thin thickness, a general description of aggravated evil, into the main disease; fur thinning by the thick, varied little from the shows that qi gradually resume, the main Bingtui. If the tongue sudden surge back, mostly for signs of illness become violent.
⑧ tongue is true. Distinguish between genuine and false tongue may determine disease severity and prognosis. Tongue true and false judgments to a root without root as the standard. Where the tongue close to the tongue, not easy to scrape, it may come from the tongue body length, that is really known as a root moss moss. If Moss does not really like floating coated tongue, scraping of the last, that fake fur is also known as rootless coating. In its early stage, mid-term, there is no root root moss moss than for the grave, the late disease, the root moss moss is better than no roots. If floating a thick tongue coating, look like no roots, and their lower birth to a new layer of moss, are increasingly more signs of the disease. When in identifying fake fur should pay attention to three aspects: first, early in the morning covered with fur, fur is taking off her diet, stage a fake fur is not no roots; if little or no moss moss back, it is in virtual. Second, moss colored, scraping of the last, Qing Qian disease; if arrangements for that to go, more Qingqian disease. Third, a thick coating without root, it can not be continued under the new Health and moss, is the original stomach qi, deficiency lack the stomach was not steaming juice on the tide. Medicine for cold and cool clothes and more damage than yang, or too hot medicine service due to injury Yin Ye.
Tongue
Also known as the tongue. The context of the tongue muscle tissue. One of the important elements tongue tongue observation. Usually waiting tongue and lung, liver and gallbladder tongue side waiting, waiting tongue in the stomach, kidney waiting tongue. Observation is observed tongue-shaped tongue, tongue states, such as tongue color and ups and downs. Reflect the actual situation more tongue organs, tongue and more reflect the depth and Stomach survival of pathogenic factors. Also "air police moss disease, leukemia concept of quality," said.
See tongue: Normal children showed a thin white tongue coating and moisture.
★ When the stomach caused by indigestion, food product, cough and thick tongue becomes tired;
★ child with a cold, early in the cold, thick layer of the tongue surface will appear white moss. Cold development, the tongue will turn yellow, indicating that heat as the more obvious;
★ When the children due to diarrhea and dehydration or high fever, dry tongue coating occurs;
★ some allergic diseases will appear map-like fur or stripped moss;
★ tongue surface of children found to have white spots, even the lips also may be a child swallowed the worm;
★ black moss and dry like Hedi crack it, are often seriously ill children in long-term high fever.
However, sometimes tongue of "false", such as just eaten milk, white fur, eat an orange, the color yellow, eating olives, black tongue will become terrible, and so on, parents need not panic.
See tongue: Run the normal children's pink tongue.
★ anemia and leukemia in children, due to significantly lower hemoglobin, tongue become very pale; severe diarrhea, dehydration or serious illness associated with high fever, red purple-red tongue with a Mountain into the assassination;
★ After serious illness, some children Shangyin, the tongue becomes red, does it feel like kidney sub-surface, as Chinese medicine known as the mirror tongue;
★ tongue was purple or purple patches, this is a problem because the blood circulation and hypoxia caused by more common in neonatal asphyxia, congenital cyanotic heart disease.
See tongue morphology: the normal activities of children with a flexible tongue.
★ When the tongue tough, limited mobility, that there is phlegm block, more common in encephalitis sequelae;
★ tongue jitter expansion, more common in cerebral hypoplasia;
★ tongue deviation is violated in vitro context, more common cerebral vascular accident;
★ tongue often extended, long-suppressed retraction, more common in hypothyroidism induced cretinism;
★ tongue out to lick lips repeatedly, soon retracted, as get tongue, common in Down's syndrome.
In the disease process, should observe the dynamic changes of the tongue in children
★ tongue from the pink to scarlet, was Deep and heat syndrome;
★ tongue coating from white to yellow fever certificate is to cold syndrome;
★ turn from yellow to gray tongue condition that transfer weight;
★ tongue from none to some, that the gradual resumption of digestive function;
★ thicker tongue coating by a thin switch, indicating increased indigestion;
★ fur from thick to thin, indicating gastrointestinal function or sputum decreased.
Note: pressing the prevention of influenza
Influenza is a major hazard and reach broad respiratory diseases, epidemic density in China is quite different north and south, the North than the South, severe and longer duration. From the flu several times in the history of the harm caused by sweeping the global point of view, it was a storm is no exaggeration. But this "crisis" is to prevent or contain this end, we need to have a preliminary understanding of disease.
Both influenza and common cold are different
Influenza and the common cold is different, and should not be confused. Influenza occurs in winter and spring, often forming large-scale epidemic, serious or even cause a worldwide pandemic. More acute onset patients, body temperature rises rapidly, often more than 39 degrees Celsius; heavy systemic symptoms such as headaches, body aches, weakness and so on. Upper respiratory tract symptoms are not very prominent, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, dry throat and other symptoms have been low. Children are more systemic symptoms, may have abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and even convulsions. The common cold is only in close contact with small groups of people within the popular, slow onset, most of the heat is not more than 39 degrees Celsius, 38 degrees Celsius are more and more obvious upper respiratory symptoms such as cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, sneezing , runny nose and other symptoms become very prominent, but systemic symptoms such as headache, body aches, cold and other light than the flu.
The dangers of influenza can not be ignored
Influenza and the common cold caused by the different results between China ,1957-1958 influenza epidemic, the case fatality rate was 0.24% -1.40%. Why does influenza cause death? First cause primary influenza pneumonia, the pneumonia caused by a virus, more common in patients with existing heart and lung diseases or pregnant women. Most people suffering from the flu within a week after the return to normal body temperature, but with primary viral pneumonia in patients with slow heat reclaim, and shortness of breath increased, there array cough, hemoptysis and other more severe symptoms; second reason is that place bacterial pneumonia, influenza is often associated with Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococcal or Haemophilus influenzae and other bacterial pneumonia exacerbations; third, concomitant viral and bacterial pneumonia; Fourth, toxic shock syndrome, cause respiratory failure, circulatory failure and so on. Thus, influenza and common cold is indeed very different, must be vigilant.
China's information shows that people die from flu to 5 years of age and 50 years old are most welcome. Most children die from pneumonia, above, and originally with chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, emphysema, tuberculosis or heart disease such as people over the age of 50, once got the flu, are more vulnerable to a variety of the threat of pneumonia and life-threatening.
Prevention of influenza, urgent
Local health departments should strengthen the monitoring, timely detection of problems. Foci residents also pay attention to, once found more than two families of suspected influenza patients with high fever and when other family members should take timely preventive measures.
In addition to the prevention of influenza during the influenza epidemic to public places and avoid crowded places (especially in patients with chronic diseases mentioned above), and keep in sneezing or coughing for more than 1 meter distance (because droplets of the virus can be inside at close range communication), the can take the following measures:
1. Maintain good indoor ventilation
Many offices are now closed for the whole, beneficial to the virus remain, it should be to make air circulation. Patients discharged from sneezing and respiratory virus can be airborne 10 hours, when conditions permit, can be suspended for more than two days and nights, so even if the beginning of winter frost cold days have to ventilation.
2. Wash their hands
Inanimate objects, because the virus can survive on 3 hours, during which, if inadvertently touching contaminated objects, sticks to the virus and inadvertently hand touch his nose or eyes, it is likely to be infected, so is very important to wash hands.
3. Drug Prevention
Amantadine inhibition of influenza A virus but ineffective against influenza B (a small country in recent years, influenza B is also popular). 0.1 g for each use of oral, twice daily, can Lianyong 14, but has some side effects such as excitement, insomnia, dizziness, epilepsy patients and pregnant women, Jiyong; also take appropriate Banlangen granules, or Banlangen and consistent Public decoction.
4. Vaccinated
Currently commercially available influenza vaccines are imported, also made in China, in accordance with the requirements of the World Health Organization with a 1 subtypes, A 3 and B subtype virus, hope the body can produce antibodies after injection with the virus against the corresponding type infection. Elderly persons, children and the foregoing can be injected in patients with various chronic diseases, others such as students, military, transportation department employees, medical staff, caregivers and other groups can also be injected. It should be noted, the vaccine is only a defensive role with the virus, while the influenza virus changes easily 72, once the big variation of the virus, the vaccine will not achieve the original preventive effect, it would need new vaccines the scientists . Hazards of the above influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia is one of the causes of death. In order to prevent high-risk groups mentioned above concurrent bacterial pneumonia, pneumococcal vaccine can be injected to prevent disease progression in patients, complex.
Both influenza and common cold are different
Influenza and the common cold is different, and should not be confused. Influenza occurs in winter and spring, often forming large-scale epidemic, serious or even cause a worldwide pandemic. More acute onset patients, body temperature rises rapidly, often more than 39 degrees Celsius; heavy systemic symptoms such as headaches, body aches, weakness and so on. Upper respiratory tract symptoms are not very prominent, such as nasal congestion, runny nose, dry throat and other symptoms have been low. Children are more systemic symptoms, may have abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and even convulsions. The common cold is only in close contact with small groups of people within the popular, slow onset, most of the heat is not more than 39 degrees Celsius, 38 degrees Celsius are more and more obvious upper respiratory symptoms such as cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, sneezing , runny nose and other symptoms become very prominent, but systemic symptoms such as headache, body aches, cold and other light than the flu.
The dangers of influenza can not be ignored
Influenza and the common cold caused by the different results between China ,1957-1958 influenza epidemic, the case fatality rate was 0.24% -1.40%. Why does influenza cause death? First cause primary influenza pneumonia, the pneumonia caused by a virus, more common in patients with existing heart and lung diseases or pregnant women. Most people suffering from the flu within a week after the return to normal body temperature, but with primary viral pneumonia in patients with slow heat reclaim, and shortness of breath increased, there array cough, hemoptysis and other more severe symptoms; second reason is that place bacterial pneumonia, influenza is often associated with Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococcal or Haemophilus influenzae and other bacterial pneumonia exacerbations; third, concomitant viral and bacterial pneumonia; Fourth, toxic shock syndrome, cause respiratory failure, circulatory failure and so on. Thus, influenza and common cold is indeed very different, must be vigilant.
China's information shows that people die from flu to 5 years of age and 50 years old are most welcome. Most children die from pneumonia, above, and originally with chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, emphysema, tuberculosis or heart disease such as people over the age of 50, once got the flu, are more vulnerable to a variety of the threat of pneumonia and life-threatening.
Prevention of influenza, urgent
Local health departments should strengthen the monitoring, timely detection of problems. Foci residents also pay attention to, once found more than two families of suspected influenza patients with high fever and when other family members should take timely preventive measures.
In addition to the prevention of influenza during the influenza epidemic to public places and avoid crowded places (especially in patients with chronic diseases mentioned above), and keep in sneezing or coughing for more than 1 meter distance (because droplets of the virus can be inside at close range communication), the can take the following measures:
1. Maintain good indoor ventilation
Many offices are now closed for the whole, beneficial to the virus remain, it should be to make air circulation. Patients discharged from sneezing and respiratory virus can be airborne 10 hours, when conditions permit, can be suspended for more than two days and nights, so even if the beginning of winter frost cold days have to ventilation.
2. Wash their hands
Inanimate objects, because the virus can survive on 3 hours, during which, if inadvertently touching contaminated objects, sticks to the virus and inadvertently hand touch his nose or eyes, it is likely to be infected, so is very important to wash hands.
3. Drug Prevention
Amantadine inhibition of influenza A virus but ineffective against influenza B (a small country in recent years, influenza B is also popular). 0.1 g for each use of oral, twice daily, can Lianyong 14, but has some side effects such as excitement, insomnia, dizziness, epilepsy patients and pregnant women, Jiyong; also take appropriate Banlangen granules, or Banlangen and consistent Public decoction.
4. Vaccinated
Currently commercially available influenza vaccines are imported, also made in China, in accordance with the requirements of the World Health Organization with a 1 subtypes, A 3 and B subtype virus, hope the body can produce antibodies after injection with the virus against the corresponding type infection. Elderly persons, children and the foregoing can be injected in patients with various chronic diseases, others such as students, military, transportation department employees, medical staff, caregivers and other groups can also be injected. It should be noted, the vaccine is only a defensive role with the virus, while the influenza virus changes easily 72, once the big variation of the virus, the vaccine will not achieve the original preventive effect, it would need new vaccines the scientists . Hazards of the above influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia is one of the causes of death. In order to prevent high-risk groups mentioned above concurrent bacterial pneumonia, pneumococcal vaccine can be injected to prevent disease progression in patients, complex.
Occurrence of tinnitus cold children what to do?
Children how to do it cold tinnitus is better?
Tinnitus treatment tinnitus patients should go to the hospital for detailed examination, try and find out the cause of tinnitus caused. Taken for the cause of special treatment or symptomatic treatment. Symptomatic treatment methods include:
① drug therapy
Commonly used vasodilator to improve blood circulation of the inner ear, such as low molecular weight dextran, salvia miltiorrhiza tablets, etc.; or improve energy metabolism in the inner ear of drugs, there are ATP, coenzyme A, etc.; anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, flunarizine, lidocaine, etc. can inhibit the activities of the auditory system of excited.
② masking therapy
Treatment of tinnitus with tinnitus masking is the use of external sound stimuli to suppress the inner ear or auditory nerve spontaneous excitement, hearing aids can also be used instead of masking devices.
③ psychotherapy
Such as biofeedback therapy: is the use of different bio-feedback signal into the relaxation training of patients, the restoration of the body relatively balanced, in order to achieve the purpose of treatment of tinnitus.
In short, the tinnitus is not a general health hazard, but it is irritated. There is also the current treatment is difficult. Tinnitus symptoms, should be actively to the hospital for examination and treatment accordingly, so as not to delay diagnosis and treatment of some major diseases. If indeed no particular disease, you do not need or tense mood, distraction, or reduce tinnitus.
Tinnitus treatment tinnitus patients should go to the hospital for detailed examination, try and find out the cause of tinnitus caused. Taken for the cause of special treatment or symptomatic treatment. Symptomatic treatment methods include:
① drug therapy
Commonly used vasodilator to improve blood circulation of the inner ear, such as low molecular weight dextran, salvia miltiorrhiza tablets, etc.; or improve energy metabolism in the inner ear of drugs, there are ATP, coenzyme A, etc.; anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, flunarizine, lidocaine, etc. can inhibit the activities of the auditory system of excited.
② masking therapy
Treatment of tinnitus with tinnitus masking is the use of external sound stimuli to suppress the inner ear or auditory nerve spontaneous excitement, hearing aids can also be used instead of masking devices.
③ psychotherapy
Such as biofeedback therapy: is the use of different bio-feedback signal into the relaxation training of patients, the restoration of the body relatively balanced, in order to achieve the purpose of treatment of tinnitus.
In short, the tinnitus is not a general health hazard, but it is irritated. There is also the current treatment is difficult. Tinnitus symptoms, should be actively to the hospital for examination and treatment accordingly, so as not to delay diagnosis and treatment of some major diseases. If indeed no particular disease, you do not need or tense mood, distraction, or reduce tinnitus.
Guard against the cold turned into a variety of other diseases
Cold
Flu is also called cold, is the inflammation of the nose and throat, but if uncontrolled, inflammation can spread down the development of acute bronchitis, bronchitis or even pneumonia. So often as pneumonia, bronchitis, early performance. Therefore, to understand the characteristics of this disease, so that effective treatment and care to prevent pneumonia.
When a child with a fever treatment of unhealed but there cough, bronchitis happened to be vigilant. The beginning of the irritating cough, with the disease after the development of increased bronchial secretions to the sound of cough with phlegm slightly. Older children spit up some yellow purulent sputum, but the baby will not spit out slightly, and often swallow and difficult to observe. Some patients also showed a sudden there are more deep cough, so that children in pain, or accompanied by shortness of breath, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and other gastrointestinal symptoms. If children puffiness, fever after the asthmatic cough, dyspnea, or tachypnea, asthma sound with breathing and nasal flap, inspiratory rib fossa deeper, you may have developed asthma, bronchitis.
Home care such children to pay attention to the warm water over sugar feeding, can thin mucus, often changing position, promote its secretions easily discharged. Also to enhance the nutrition of children. Found in children with a certain substance or drug allergy should avoid exposure. Of available cough without phlegm, infants and young children can be severe cough Shihai sedatives, but not in the sputum of the best cough, phlegm expectorant to mainly follow the doctor's advice oral or injectable antibiotics. For children with asthma, bronchitis treatment to the hospital in time to prevent future legacy of bronchial asthma.
Also, can use to syndrome differentiation of TCM, to cure disease, prevent disease development.
1, cold cough: cough, sputum is white, thin, nasal congestion, clear nasal discharge flow, cold sweat-free tongue whitish, Xing Su San addition and subtraction can be used.
2, wind-heat cough: cough uncomfortable with thick phlegm, yellow, easy to spit up, face red hot with sweat, or a flow of yellow nose, thirst, thin yellow tongue coating, available Sang Ju Yin subtraction.
Otitis media
Between the mouth and ears in a eustachian tube connected, because children's eustachian tube relatively short and flat, plus the resistance of children poor, nose or mouth bacteria, viruses can easily along the Eustachian tube into the ear cavity inflammation. Acute otitis media is a 2-year-old to 8-year-old children's common diseases, the most vulnerable to cold after a long time, in case there is no sign of onset, brought much suffering for the child.
Prevention of acute otitis media in children can be cold after the intranasal approach. Truth through the nasal, the nasal patency in children, bacteria or virus is not easy to stay a long time, otitis media caused by eustachian tube significantly reduced the chance of disease.
Viral myocarditis
Cold can cause many complications and may even be the precursor symptoms of other diseases, viral myocarditis is one of the most common. Data show that children in recent years, the incidence of viral myocarditis in an upward trend. Viral myocarditis is usually in the cold for several days or 2-3 weeks later, symptoms of mild to severe, mild symptoms are not obvious, plus kids do not know and can not be expressed, often easily overlooked and missed; weight can heart expand occur within a short-term, acute heart failure or cardiogenic shock, and even sudden death.
Cold is often overlooked, but some people after a cold can cause myocarditis, especially in children. Viral myocarditis caused by influenza a certain aura, a careful observation to discover:
A police color, because the virus violated the myocardium, affecting the function of the heart, the body of oxygen, although the children back burning, but general to regain face, pale gray, black and blue lips;
2 police gas, usually a child in good spirits after a cold, "Danian", the total dizziness boring, moving about on asthma, chest tightness, palpitation;
Three police pulse, resting pulse of a child less than 60 times per minute, or more than 120 times, or jump a few after a long gap, this is too slow, too fast and irregular pulse, is not a normal phenomenon .
The key lies in prevention of viral myocarditis, a cold after going to pay attention to rest, reduced activity, not for dramatic movement, in the event the use of "cold" can not explain the changes, in time to the hospital. Myocarditis is currently no effective therapy, but found that the earlier, control sooner, the less myocardial damage, the prognosis is like. Otherwise, delayed treatment, or develop into chronic, the prognosis is often poor.
Deaf-mute
On the surface, cold and deaf children, and no connection, however, found that clinical work and research: common cold in children has become an important departure because the deaf children. Therefore, the prevention of influenza in children, and proper treatment must bring our full attention.
Influenza, common cold is commonly known that people with acute rhinitis, nasal mucosa is a common infectious disease of acute hearing loss in children is called glass deafness in children is due to hearing impairment in children, thus causing a result of normal hearing of. The pathogen is mainly caused by cold viruses, and more complicated with bacterial infection after the onset. Ear infections can cause neurological damage, hearing loss caused; children may occur when a cold high fever, convulsions, also can cause brain damage and deafness. In addition, the children with hair when cold nasopharynx inflammation, leading to otitis media, tympanic membrane, can also cause hearing loss.
Raising the level of due care, deafness caused by cold has been a marked decline, but the cold treatment by unreasonable use of streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin or amikacin caused by ototoxic drugs such as Deafness is common in children. Navy 414 Hospital of the Nanjing School for 220 students in school because of deafness that: cold treatment of the use of ototoxic drugs gentamicin and other improper accounting for the total number of deafness of 54%, with other diseases, use of ototoxic drug-induced hearing loss accounts for about 70 percent of the total number.
Therefore, not every parent can guard against influenza in children. First of all, children should pay attention to prevention of influenza in children, such as a cold, the parents have to take him to the hospital in time, not privately medication. If found in the treatment of children on the tinkling bells, cries were slow, in time to the hospital. I have parents or family history of the ototoxic antibiotic-sensitive persons, their health and future generations, should be less or no ototoxic antibiotics. The children have hearing loss on at the same time, prompt treatment should be deaf and mute, rehabilitation training, so as to avoid hearing the weak Er Zhi dumb. As long as we are based on a flu prevention and early diagnosis, proper treatment can reduce or avoid the occurrence of influenza caused by the deaf, so that our future generations in a sound world of healthy growth.
Flu is also called cold, is the inflammation of the nose and throat, but if uncontrolled, inflammation can spread down the development of acute bronchitis, bronchitis or even pneumonia. So often as pneumonia, bronchitis, early performance. Therefore, to understand the characteristics of this disease, so that effective treatment and care to prevent pneumonia.
When a child with a fever treatment of unhealed but there cough, bronchitis happened to be vigilant. The beginning of the irritating cough, with the disease after the development of increased bronchial secretions to the sound of cough with phlegm slightly. Older children spit up some yellow purulent sputum, but the baby will not spit out slightly, and often swallow and difficult to observe. Some patients also showed a sudden there are more deep cough, so that children in pain, or accompanied by shortness of breath, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and other gastrointestinal symptoms. If children puffiness, fever after the asthmatic cough, dyspnea, or tachypnea, asthma sound with breathing and nasal flap, inspiratory rib fossa deeper, you may have developed asthma, bronchitis.
Home care such children to pay attention to the warm water over sugar feeding, can thin mucus, often changing position, promote its secretions easily discharged. Also to enhance the nutrition of children. Found in children with a certain substance or drug allergy should avoid exposure. Of available cough without phlegm, infants and young children can be severe cough Shihai sedatives, but not in the sputum of the best cough, phlegm expectorant to mainly follow the doctor's advice oral or injectable antibiotics. For children with asthma, bronchitis treatment to the hospital in time to prevent future legacy of bronchial asthma.
Also, can use to syndrome differentiation of TCM, to cure disease, prevent disease development.
1, cold cough: cough, sputum is white, thin, nasal congestion, clear nasal discharge flow, cold sweat-free tongue whitish, Xing Su San addition and subtraction can be used.
2, wind-heat cough: cough uncomfortable with thick phlegm, yellow, easy to spit up, face red hot with sweat, or a flow of yellow nose, thirst, thin yellow tongue coating, available Sang Ju Yin subtraction.
Otitis media
Between the mouth and ears in a eustachian tube connected, because children's eustachian tube relatively short and flat, plus the resistance of children poor, nose or mouth bacteria, viruses can easily along the Eustachian tube into the ear cavity inflammation. Acute otitis media is a 2-year-old to 8-year-old children's common diseases, the most vulnerable to cold after a long time, in case there is no sign of onset, brought much suffering for the child.
Prevention of acute otitis media in children can be cold after the intranasal approach. Truth through the nasal, the nasal patency in children, bacteria or virus is not easy to stay a long time, otitis media caused by eustachian tube significantly reduced the chance of disease.
Viral myocarditis
Cold can cause many complications and may even be the precursor symptoms of other diseases, viral myocarditis is one of the most common. Data show that children in recent years, the incidence of viral myocarditis in an upward trend. Viral myocarditis is usually in the cold for several days or 2-3 weeks later, symptoms of mild to severe, mild symptoms are not obvious, plus kids do not know and can not be expressed, often easily overlooked and missed; weight can heart expand occur within a short-term, acute heart failure or cardiogenic shock, and even sudden death.
Cold is often overlooked, but some people after a cold can cause myocarditis, especially in children. Viral myocarditis caused by influenza a certain aura, a careful observation to discover:
A police color, because the virus violated the myocardium, affecting the function of the heart, the body of oxygen, although the children back burning, but general to regain face, pale gray, black and blue lips;
2 police gas, usually a child in good spirits after a cold, "Danian", the total dizziness boring, moving about on asthma, chest tightness, palpitation;
Three police pulse, resting pulse of a child less than 60 times per minute, or more than 120 times, or jump a few after a long gap, this is too slow, too fast and irregular pulse, is not a normal phenomenon .
The key lies in prevention of viral myocarditis, a cold after going to pay attention to rest, reduced activity, not for dramatic movement, in the event the use of "cold" can not explain the changes, in time to the hospital. Myocarditis is currently no effective therapy, but found that the earlier, control sooner, the less myocardial damage, the prognosis is like. Otherwise, delayed treatment, or develop into chronic, the prognosis is often poor.
Deaf-mute
On the surface, cold and deaf children, and no connection, however, found that clinical work and research: common cold in children has become an important departure because the deaf children. Therefore, the prevention of influenza in children, and proper treatment must bring our full attention.
Influenza, common cold is commonly known that people with acute rhinitis, nasal mucosa is a common infectious disease of acute hearing loss in children is called glass deafness in children is due to hearing impairment in children, thus causing a result of normal hearing of. The pathogen is mainly caused by cold viruses, and more complicated with bacterial infection after the onset. Ear infections can cause neurological damage, hearing loss caused; children may occur when a cold high fever, convulsions, also can cause brain damage and deafness. In addition, the children with hair when cold nasopharynx inflammation, leading to otitis media, tympanic membrane, can also cause hearing loss.
Raising the level of due care, deafness caused by cold has been a marked decline, but the cold treatment by unreasonable use of streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin or amikacin caused by ototoxic drugs such as Deafness is common in children. Navy 414 Hospital of the Nanjing School for 220 students in school because of deafness that: cold treatment of the use of ototoxic drugs gentamicin and other improper accounting for the total number of deafness of 54%, with other diseases, use of ototoxic drug-induced hearing loss accounts for about 70 percent of the total number.
Therefore, not every parent can guard against influenza in children. First of all, children should pay attention to prevention of influenza in children, such as a cold, the parents have to take him to the hospital in time, not privately medication. If found in the treatment of children on the tinkling bells, cries were slow, in time to the hospital. I have parents or family history of the ototoxic antibiotic-sensitive persons, their health and future generations, should be less or no ototoxic antibiotics. The children have hearing loss on at the same time, prompt treatment should be deaf and mute, rehabilitation training, so as to avoid hearing the weak Er Zhi dumb. As long as we are based on a flu prevention and early diagnosis, proper treatment can reduce or avoid the occurrence of influenza caused by the deaf, so that our future generations in a sound world of healthy growth.
Reminder: Do not enter a cold Ten Mistakes!
According to foreign media reports, the flu is a common disease, almost all of them have suffered from a cold, but many common diseases for which there are many misperceptions. The article cites the top ten errors on the cold and flu awareness, hope to help people better in later life to fight with the flu.
1, cold to eat, fever-free food
I believe many people have heard about "cold to eat, fever-free food," this view, meaning that if you have a cold you should be eating, but if you have a fever you will not eat. Indeed, this is completely incorrect understanding, and when you add food when ill with fever and negative impact on the contrary can not the body to provide energy to deal with the disease. So when you are sick, proper and healthy diet is necessary. Chicken is a good choice, recommended to everyone here.
Click image: Learn more about "flu"
2, do not treat flu symptoms
Many people believe that cold symptoms such as runny nose, cough, etc., is to help us quickly overcome the disease, many people think should not be indicators of oral cold medicines. But, in fact, not only with cold symptoms not related to the duration of a cold, and they are spreading the virus to other accomplices. You should feel pleased that know analgesics and other cold remedies can not only control the disease even within the people can bear, and they will help prevent the flu virus is spread.
3, cold and flu trigger
"Do not Hold on just washed hair out" or "wear more so that a cold," bet, most people who have been told this too. But in fact, the body temperature or ambient temperature and no impact, cold or wet is not an important reason why colds. Lead to cure your cold is a virus or bacteria causes more. When viruses or bacteria invade your body to make you suffer from cold. "Cold" is merely to lower your body resistance to the virus to replication.
4, a cold should avoid kissing
Generally thought to be suffering from a cold kiss his people will be cold, in fact not the case, is not sufficient to cause a cold kiss infection with the flu virus is mainly concentrated in the nasal cavity. According to U.S. scientists found that saliva contained in the influenza virus concentration is very low, not enough to spread a cold. And cold exposure in patients is the most dangerous hands. Because patients often get the hand of the nose, so a lot of virus contaminated with bacteria. In addition, patients come into contact with door handles, telephone and other public facilities, there are a large number of cold viruses. The virus in these hard surfaces, can survive tens of hours. Therefore, to develop the habit of frequently washing hands, is an effective way to reduce the spread of flu.
5, do not drink cold milk
When many people think that cold milk is a very bad idea, because at that time to drink the milk secreted more mucus. In fact, the milk will not lead to excessive secretion of mucus. You can enjoy a casual drink milk, no effect on colds.
6, cold winter love
People think winter is the cold-prone season. Wrong! In fact, the cold spring and autumn is the season over, is not cold in the winter. This is because the virus is more active in spring and autumn, while in winter it seems largely hibernate.
7, vitamin C
Many people mistakenly believe that a lot of vitamin C and zinc help to overcome the cold. However, vitamin C and zinc on the common cold virus has no effect. Once you really caught a cold, better hurry to take analgesics and cold medicines to wait for better conditions.
8, the lower the immune system of common cold
In fact, the immune system does not increase the risk of a cold low risk. Study found that poor health and the health status of people who have been almost equal probability. Interestingly, the study also found that 95% of the population influenza flu virus were directly on their nasal membranes to virus infection, but only 75% of people showing symptoms of a cold. This is the so-called "asymptomatic."
9 understanding of the influenza vaccine
Many people worry that influenza vaccination may cause side effects. In fact, the influenza virus vaccine is non-toxic fragments, incomplete form of the virus will not get sick because of vaccination. After influenza vaccination most people will not have any discomfort, some people may be local swelling, pain, most can quickly disappear, some people, low-grade fever may occur, but generally can disappear within 24-48 hours. Internationally, influenza vaccines are purified using modern high technology, by various strictly controlled to ensure safety. But the flu vaccine on the preventive effect of influenza is limited, the vaccine has a strong specificity of influenza viruses, a vaccine only to a particular or similar infections caused by influenza virus effectively to other viruses or bacteria The cold is not valid. In addition, vaccines are designed for different strains, but the selection is based on the virus, based on the forecast. If the researchers guessed it, then the efficient prevention of influenza vaccine will be more than 80%; if the epidemic is not their forecasts virus vaccine effective this year will be very low. Here are the recommendations when the influenza vaccination are: 1, to avoid fasting inoculation; 2, complete vaccination be observed for 20 minutes; 3, abnormal reaction to a doctor in a timely manner to reflect vaccination.
10, sweating help cure a cold
A cold, many people are done, at least that many others do: covered with thick quilts or blankets child, or paste on his forehead hot towels, hoping to help the flu virus through the sweat excreted. Regret that this did not have any effect, just make you feel good about that, temporary relief of symptoms about it.
1, cold to eat, fever-free food
I believe many people have heard about "cold to eat, fever-free food," this view, meaning that if you have a cold you should be eating, but if you have a fever you will not eat. Indeed, this is completely incorrect understanding, and when you add food when ill with fever and negative impact on the contrary can not the body to provide energy to deal with the disease. So when you are sick, proper and healthy diet is necessary. Chicken is a good choice, recommended to everyone here.
Click image: Learn more about "flu"
2, do not treat flu symptoms
Many people believe that cold symptoms such as runny nose, cough, etc., is to help us quickly overcome the disease, many people think should not be indicators of oral cold medicines. But, in fact, not only with cold symptoms not related to the duration of a cold, and they are spreading the virus to other accomplices. You should feel pleased that know analgesics and other cold remedies can not only control the disease even within the people can bear, and they will help prevent the flu virus is spread.
3, cold and flu trigger
"Do not Hold on just washed hair out" or "wear more so that a cold," bet, most people who have been told this too. But in fact, the body temperature or ambient temperature and no impact, cold or wet is not an important reason why colds. Lead to cure your cold is a virus or bacteria causes more. When viruses or bacteria invade your body to make you suffer from cold. "Cold" is merely to lower your body resistance to the virus to replication.
4, a cold should avoid kissing
Generally thought to be suffering from a cold kiss his people will be cold, in fact not the case, is not sufficient to cause a cold kiss infection with the flu virus is mainly concentrated in the nasal cavity. According to U.S. scientists found that saliva contained in the influenza virus concentration is very low, not enough to spread a cold. And cold exposure in patients is the most dangerous hands. Because patients often get the hand of the nose, so a lot of virus contaminated with bacteria. In addition, patients come into contact with door handles, telephone and other public facilities, there are a large number of cold viruses. The virus in these hard surfaces, can survive tens of hours. Therefore, to develop the habit of frequently washing hands, is an effective way to reduce the spread of flu.
5, do not drink cold milk
When many people think that cold milk is a very bad idea, because at that time to drink the milk secreted more mucus. In fact, the milk will not lead to excessive secretion of mucus. You can enjoy a casual drink milk, no effect on colds.
6, cold winter love
People think winter is the cold-prone season. Wrong! In fact, the cold spring and autumn is the season over, is not cold in the winter. This is because the virus is more active in spring and autumn, while in winter it seems largely hibernate.
7, vitamin C
Many people mistakenly believe that a lot of vitamin C and zinc help to overcome the cold. However, vitamin C and zinc on the common cold virus has no effect. Once you really caught a cold, better hurry to take analgesics and cold medicines to wait for better conditions.
8, the lower the immune system of common cold
In fact, the immune system does not increase the risk of a cold low risk. Study found that poor health and the health status of people who have been almost equal probability. Interestingly, the study also found that 95% of the population influenza flu virus were directly on their nasal membranes to virus infection, but only 75% of people showing symptoms of a cold. This is the so-called "asymptomatic."
9 understanding of the influenza vaccine
Many people worry that influenza vaccination may cause side effects. In fact, the influenza virus vaccine is non-toxic fragments, incomplete form of the virus will not get sick because of vaccination. After influenza vaccination most people will not have any discomfort, some people may be local swelling, pain, most can quickly disappear, some people, low-grade fever may occur, but generally can disappear within 24-48 hours. Internationally, influenza vaccines are purified using modern high technology, by various strictly controlled to ensure safety. But the flu vaccine on the preventive effect of influenza is limited, the vaccine has a strong specificity of influenza viruses, a vaccine only to a particular or similar infections caused by influenza virus effectively to other viruses or bacteria The cold is not valid. In addition, vaccines are designed for different strains, but the selection is based on the virus, based on the forecast. If the researchers guessed it, then the efficient prevention of influenza vaccine will be more than 80%; if the epidemic is not their forecasts virus vaccine effective this year will be very low. Here are the recommendations when the influenza vaccination are: 1, to avoid fasting inoculation; 2, complete vaccination be observed for 20 minutes; 3, abnormal reaction to a doctor in a timely manner to reflect vaccination.
10, sweating help cure a cold
A cold, many people are done, at least that many others do: covered with thick quilts or blankets child, or paste on his forehead hot towels, hoping to help the flu virus through the sweat excreted. Regret that this did not have any effect, just make you feel good about that, temporary relief of symptoms about it.
9 percent without antibiotics fever
After a lot of people in cold medicines used to buy in the drugstore, while a slight increase in antibiotic use. In fact the use of antibiotics at this time is no use.
Do not misunderstand a cold
Do not abuse of antibiotics
In recent years there's a lot of adverse drug reactions, drug safety, and direct interrogation the phenomenon of irrational drug use, particularly the use of antibiotics is pushed to the cusp. Antibiotics are a double-edged sword, able to kill bacteria in the body, but also harm the human body itself.
Antibiotics generally accepted in the twentieth century's greatest medical discovery, medical scientists believe that the discovery of antibiotics in human longevity have contributed at least 10 years of age. However, because of its wide application in the treatment, unreasonable use or abuse are frequent. World Health Organization survey found that one-third of patients worldwide die of irrational drug use, rather than the disease itself. Rational use of our hospitals is very serious and unreasonable drug abusers occupy 12% to 32%.
More difficult to treat fever
Penicillin is an antibiotic first, but now rarely seen in hospitals and pharmacies of its shadow. Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, doctors, penicillin at the beginning of its development is more and more indications that many bacteria can use penicillin to treat infection. With the large number of long-term use, many bacteria have become resistant to its nature of its use in the field has become increasingly narrow.
"It is particularly serious abuse of antibiotics, especially in the treatment of children with influenza issues." Hunan Provincial Children's Hospital experts say. Hunan Provincial Children's Hospital every month due to flu to be cured and many admissions to the hospital treatment of children.
"These children are mostly treated in a number of primary care clinics, use of antibiotics is a serious problem, the consequences of the abuse of antibiotics is the child a cold hard rule." Hospital experts say. Jiucheng without the use of antibiotics in patients with influenza, children suffering from post-influenza virus usually does not require antibiotics, as long as intensive care, adequate rest, drink plenty of water, giving easily digestible food, usually quickly recover.
Antibiotics for the most adverse drug reactions
Hunan Xiangya Hospital doctors, countries require antibiotics, prescription sales, the starting point is to prevent the abuse of antibiotics. The 90% cold "culprit" (pathogens) are not bacteria, but caused by a virus. The common cold only need to use some simple anti-viral drugs on the list. However, patients and family members of patients taking antibiotics used to treat sexual. Such as a cold, according to medical opinion, belong to a lot of cold virus infection, strictly speaking, there is no effective drug, only symptomatic treatment, without the use of antibiotics. However, we may have had this experience, a cold habit of buying some cold medicine at the pharmacy, while a slight increase in antibiotic use. In fact antibiotics are useless at this time is to waste and the abuse.
"Cold" medication guide Daquan
Hunan Province in 2004, according to adverse drug reaction reporting system, adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports, involving some 1,004 kinds of drugs, divided into 26 categories. Antibiotics which caused as many as 3643 cases of ADR, ADR account for 42.4% of the total number of cases, species number is 166, accounting for 16.53% of total ADR drugs can be recognized as an ADR in the highest group of drugs.
The elderly, women and children the most adverse
Clinical pharmacology experts, clinical manifestations, adverse reactions to skin rashes, dizziness, nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort and other more common manifestations, but also can cause severe anaphylactic shock, or liver, kidney and other organs to cause irreversible damage. The two groups of antibiotics used most is the elderly, women and children. "Use up to produce the drug resistance is also the strongest, the dose of medication also increases the adverse natural hair should increase the chances." Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University Xiangya Medical experts say. Elderly, women, and children with liver, kidneys, nervous system, cardiovascular system and other aspects of the disease are the most prone to adverse drug reactions.
Existing data show that domestic and foreign, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin may be harmful to children's auditory nerve, causing hearing loss; polymyxin, norepinephrine can cause kidney damage children; gastric complex On a number of children can cause brain damage; tetracycline, norfloxacin and other drugs can affect the child care teeth, bone development; flu can pass urine in children; intranasal net can lead to poisoning of children, children's choice of medication should be particularly careful. Pregnant women, breastfeeding women taking certain medications may also affect the fetus, suckling of health, but also should be noted.
Do not misunderstand a cold
Do not abuse of antibiotics
In recent years there's a lot of adverse drug reactions, drug safety, and direct interrogation the phenomenon of irrational drug use, particularly the use of antibiotics is pushed to the cusp. Antibiotics are a double-edged sword, able to kill bacteria in the body, but also harm the human body itself.
Antibiotics generally accepted in the twentieth century's greatest medical discovery, medical scientists believe that the discovery of antibiotics in human longevity have contributed at least 10 years of age. However, because of its wide application in the treatment, unreasonable use or abuse are frequent. World Health Organization survey found that one-third of patients worldwide die of irrational drug use, rather than the disease itself. Rational use of our hospitals is very serious and unreasonable drug abusers occupy 12% to 32%.
More difficult to treat fever
Penicillin is an antibiotic first, but now rarely seen in hospitals and pharmacies of its shadow. Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, doctors, penicillin at the beginning of its development is more and more indications that many bacteria can use penicillin to treat infection. With the large number of long-term use, many bacteria have become resistant to its nature of its use in the field has become increasingly narrow.
"It is particularly serious abuse of antibiotics, especially in the treatment of children with influenza issues." Hunan Provincial Children's Hospital experts say. Hunan Provincial Children's Hospital every month due to flu to be cured and many admissions to the hospital treatment of children.
"These children are mostly treated in a number of primary care clinics, use of antibiotics is a serious problem, the consequences of the abuse of antibiotics is the child a cold hard rule." Hospital experts say. Jiucheng without the use of antibiotics in patients with influenza, children suffering from post-influenza virus usually does not require antibiotics, as long as intensive care, adequate rest, drink plenty of water, giving easily digestible food, usually quickly recover.
Antibiotics for the most adverse drug reactions
Hunan Xiangya Hospital doctors, countries require antibiotics, prescription sales, the starting point is to prevent the abuse of antibiotics. The 90% cold "culprit" (pathogens) are not bacteria, but caused by a virus. The common cold only need to use some simple anti-viral drugs on the list. However, patients and family members of patients taking antibiotics used to treat sexual. Such as a cold, according to medical opinion, belong to a lot of cold virus infection, strictly speaking, there is no effective drug, only symptomatic treatment, without the use of antibiotics. However, we may have had this experience, a cold habit of buying some cold medicine at the pharmacy, while a slight increase in antibiotic use. In fact antibiotics are useless at this time is to waste and the abuse.
"Cold" medication guide Daquan
Hunan Province in 2004, according to adverse drug reaction reporting system, adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports, involving some 1,004 kinds of drugs, divided into 26 categories. Antibiotics which caused as many as 3643 cases of ADR, ADR account for 42.4% of the total number of cases, species number is 166, accounting for 16.53% of total ADR drugs can be recognized as an ADR in the highest group of drugs.
The elderly, women and children the most adverse
Clinical pharmacology experts, clinical manifestations, adverse reactions to skin rashes, dizziness, nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort and other more common manifestations, but also can cause severe anaphylactic shock, or liver, kidney and other organs to cause irreversible damage. The two groups of antibiotics used most is the elderly, women and children. "Use up to produce the drug resistance is also the strongest, the dose of medication also increases the adverse natural hair should increase the chances." Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University Xiangya Medical experts say. Elderly, women, and children with liver, kidneys, nervous system, cardiovascular system and other aspects of the disease are the most prone to adverse drug reactions.
Existing data show that domestic and foreign, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin may be harmful to children's auditory nerve, causing hearing loss; polymyxin, norepinephrine can cause kidney damage children; gastric complex On a number of children can cause brain damage; tetracycline, norfloxacin and other drugs can affect the child care teeth, bone development; flu can pass urine in children; intranasal net can lead to poisoning of children, children's choice of medication should be particularly careful. Pregnant women, breastfeeding women taking certain medications may also affect the fetus, suckling of health, but also should be noted.
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